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ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಮೊದಲ ಕೆಲ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಿ ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ

ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಅಕೌಂಟಿಗ್ ಪಾಲಿಸಿ Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.

Mar 31, 2023

1) Corporate information

Tata Consultancy Services Limited (referred to as "TCS Limited" or "the Company") provides IT services, consulting and business solutions and has been partnering with many of the world''s largest businesses in their transformation journeys. The Company offers a consulting-led, cognitive powered, integrated portfolio of IT, business and engineering services and solutions. This is delivered through its unique Location-Independent Agile delivery model recognised as a benchmark of excellence in software development.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is TCS House, Raveline Street, Fort, Mumbai- 400001. As at March 31, 2023, Tata Sons Private Limited, the holding company owned 72.27% of the Company''s equity share capital.

The Board of Directors approved the standalone financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023 and authorised for issue on April 12, 2023.

2) Statement of compliance

These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as "Ind AS") as prescribed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time to time.

3) Basis of preparation

These standalone financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments and defined benefit plans which are measured at fair value or amortised cost at the end of each reporting period. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company''s normal operating cycle. Based on the nature of services rendered to customers and time elapsed between deployment of resources and the realisation in cash and cash equivalents of the consideration for such services rendered, the Company has considered an operating cycle of 12 months.

The statement of cash flows has been prepared under indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated. The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value to be cash equivalents.

These standalone financial statements have been prepared in Indian Rupee (?) which is the functional currency of the Company. Foreign currency transactions are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are retranslated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet dates and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the standalone financial statements have been discussed in the respective notes.

4) Use of estimates and judgements

The preparation of standalone financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires management of the Company to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent liabilities as at the date of standalone financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses for the periods presented.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected.

The Company uses the following critical accounting estimates in preparation of its standalone financial statements:

(a) Revenue recognition

Revenue for fixed-price contracts is recognised using percentage-of-completion method. The Company uses judgement to estimate the future cost-to-completion of the contracts which is used to determine degree of completion of the performance obligation.

(b) Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

The Company reviews its carrying value of investments carried at cost (net of impairment, if any) annually, or more frequently when there is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for in the statement of profit and loss.

(d) Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their

fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments.

(e) Provision for income tax and deferred tax assets

The Company uses estimates and judgements based on the relevant rulings in the areas of allocation of revenue, costs, allowances and disallowances which is exercised while determining the provision for income tax. A deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilised. Accordingly, the Company exercises its judgement to reassess the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period.

(f) Provisions and contingent liabilities

The Company estimates the provisions that have present obligations as a result of past events and it is probable that outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligations. These provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and are adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

The Company uses significant judgements to assess contingent liabilities. Contingent liabilities are recognised when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Contingent assets are neither recognised nor disclosed in the standalone financial statements.

(g) Employee benefits

The accounting of employee benefit plans in the nature of defined benefit requires the Company to use assumptions. These assumptions have been explained under employee benefits note.

(h) Leases

The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116. Identification of a lease requires significant judgement. The Company uses significant judgement in assessing the lease term (including anticipated renewals) and the applicable discount rate.

The Company determines the lease term as the noncancellable period of a lease, together with both periods

covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the Company to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The Company revises the lease term if there is a change in the non-cancellable period of a lease.

The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate specific to the lease being evaluated or for a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics.

5) Recent pronouncements

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") notifies new standard or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. On March 31, 2023, MCA amended the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 by issuing the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023, applicable from April 1, 2023, as below:

Ind AS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements

The amendments require companies to disclose their material accounting policies rather than their significant accounting policies. Accounting policy information, together with other information, is material when it can reasonably be expected to influence decisions of primary users of general purpose financial statements. The Company does not expect this amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

Ind AS 12 - Income Taxes

The amendments clarify how companies account for deferred tax on transactions such as leases and decommissioning obligations. The amendments narrowed the scope of the recognition exemption in paragraphs 15 and 24 of Ind AS 12 (recognition exemption) so that it no longer applies to transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, in its financial statements.

Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors

The amendments will help entities to distinguish between accounting policies and accounting estimates. The definition of a change in accounting estimates has been replaced with a definition of accounting estimates. Under the new definition, accounting estimates are "monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty". Entities develop accounting estimates if accounting policies require items in financial statements to be measured in a way that involves

measurement uncertainty. The Company does not expect this amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

6) Financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability.

The Company derecognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company''s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash that are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value, to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of balances with banks which are unrestricted for withdrawal and usage.

Financial assets at amortised cost

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

Financial assets are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows on specified dates that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding and selling financial assets.

The Company has made an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading in other comprehensive income.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless they are measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial

recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment loss, if any.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognised at the proceeds received net of direct issue cost.

Derivative accountingâ¢ Instruments in hedging relationship

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward, currency options and futures contracts as hedge instruments in respect of foreign exchange risks. These hedges are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

The Company uses hedging instruments that are governed by the policies of the Company which are approved by the Board of Directors. The policies provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the risk management strategy of the Company.

The effectiveness of hedge instruments to reduce the risk associated with the exposure being hedged is assessed and measured at inception and on an ongoing basis. If the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, then the amounts that have been accumulated in other equity are immediately reclassified in net foreign exchange gains in the statement of profit and loss.

The effective portion of change in the fair value of the designated hedging instrument is recognised in the other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading cash flow hedging reserve.

and time value of an option is recognised in the other comprehensive income and accounted as a separate component of equity. Such amounts are reclassified into the statement of profit and loss when the related hedged items affect profit and loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity till that time remains and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the forecasted transaction ultimately affects profit and loss. Any gain or loss is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss when the hedge becomes ineffective.

â¢ Instruments not in hedging relationship

The Company enters into contracts that are effective as hedges from an economic perspective, but they do not qualify for hedge accounting. The change in the fair value of such instrument is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Impairment of financial assets (other than at fair value)

The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognises lifetime expected losses for all contract assets and / or all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction. In determining the allowances for doubtful trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient by computing the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables based on a provision matrix. The provision matrix takes into account historical credit loss experience and is adjusted for forward looking information. The expected credit loss allowance is based on the ageing of the receivables that are due and allowance rates used in the provision matrix. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-months expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Mar 31, 2022

1) Corporate information

Tata Consultancy Services Limited (referred to as âTCS Limitedâ or âthe Companyâ) provides IT services, consulting and business solutions and has been partnering with many of the world''s largest businesses in their transformation journeys. The Company offers a consulting-led, cognitive powered, integrated portfolio of IT, business and engineering services and solutions. This is delivered through its unique Location-Independent Agile delivery model recognised as a benchmark of excellence in software development.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is TCS House, Raveline Street, Fort, Mumbai - 400001. As at March 31, 2022, Tata Sons Private Limited, the holding company owned 72.27% of the Company''s equity share capital.

The Board of Directors approved the standalone financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022 and authorised for issue on April 11, 2022.

2) Statement of compliance

These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as âInd ASâ) as prescribed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time to time.

3) Basis of preparation

given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company''s normal operating cycle. Based on the nature of services rendered to customers and time elapsed between deployment of resources and the realisation in cash and cash equivalents of the consideration for such services rendered, the Company has considered an operating cycle of 12 months.

The statement of cash flows have been prepared under indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated. The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value to be cash equivalents.

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the standalone financial statements have been discussed in the respective notes.

The Company uses the following critical accounting estimates in preparation of its standalone financial statements:

(a) Revenue recognition

(b) Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

(d) Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments.

(e) Provision for income tax and deferred tax assets

(f) Provisions and contingent liabilities

(g) Employee benefits

The accounting of employee benefit plans in the nature of defined benefit requires the Company to use assumptions. These assumptions have been explained under employee benefits note.

(h) Leases

The Company determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the Company to exercise the option

to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The Company revises the lease term if there is a change in the non-cancellable period of a lease.

The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate specific to the lease being evaluated or for a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics.

(i) Impact of COVID-19 (pandemic)

The Company has taken into account all the possible impacts of COVID-19 in preparation of these standalone financial statements, including but not limited to its assessment of, liquidity and going concern assumption, recoverable values of its financial and non-financial assets, impact on revenue recognition owing to changes in cost budgets of fixed price contracts, impact on leases and impact on effectiveness of its hedges. The Company has carried out this assessment based on available internal and external sources of information upto the date of approval of these standalone financial statements and believes that the impact of COVID-19 is not material to these standalone financial statements and expects to recover the carrying amount of its assets. The impact of COVID-19 on the standalone financial statements may differ from that estimated as at the date of approval of these standalone financial statements owing to the nature and duration of COVID-19.

5) Recent pronouncements

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (âMCAâ) notifies new standard or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. On March 23, 2022, MCA amended the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2022, applicable from April 1, 2022, as below:

Ind AS 103 - Reference to Conceptual Framework

The amendments specify that to qualify for recognition as part of applying the acquisition method, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed must meet the definitions of assets and liabilities in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting under Indian Accounting Standards (Conceptual Framework) issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India at the acquisition date. These changes do not significantly change the requirements of Ind AS 103. The Company does not expect the amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

Ind AS 16 - Proceeds before intended use

The amendments mainly prohibit an entity from deducting from the cost of property, plant and equipment amounts received from selling items produced while the company is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, an entity will recognise such sales proceeds and related cost in profit or loss.

The Company does not expect the amendments to have any impact in its recognition of its property, plant and equipment in its financial statements.

Ind AS 37 - Onerous Contracts - Costs of Fulfilling a Contract

The amendments specify that that the âcost of fulfilling'' a contract comprises the âcosts that relate directly to the contract''. Costs that relate directly to a contract can either be incremental costs of fulfilling that contract (examples would be direct labour, materials) or an allocation of other costs that relate directly to fulfilling contracts. The amendment is essentially a clarification and the Company does not expect the amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

Ind AS 109 - Annual Improvements to Ind AS (2021)

The amendment clarifies which fees an entity includes when it applies the â10 percent'' test of Ind AS 109 in assessing whether to derecognise a financial liability. The Company does not expect the amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

Ind AS 116 - Annual Improvements to Ind AS (2021)

The amendments remove the illustration of the reimbursement of leasehold improvements by the lessor in order to resolve any potential confusion regarding the treatment of lease incentives that might arise because of how lease incentives were described in that illustration. The Company does not expect the amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

6) Financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability.

Financial assets at amortised cost

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

The Company has made an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading in other comprehensive income.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless they are measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive

income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment loss, if any. Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Equity instruments

Derivative accountingâ¢ Instruments in hedging relationship

The hedge instruments are designated and documented as hedges at the inception of the contract. The Company determines the existence of an economic relationship between the hedging instrument and hedged item based on the currency, amount and timing of their respective cash flows. The effectiveness of hedge instruments to reduce the risk associated with the exposure being hedged is assessed and measured at inception and on an ongoing basis. If the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, then the amounts that have been accumulated in other equity are immediately reclassified in net foreign exchange gains in the statement of profit and loss.

The effective portion of change in the fair value of the designated hedging instrument is recognised in the other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading cash flow hedging reserve.

The Company separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option and designates as hedging instruments only the change in intrinsic value of the option. The change in fair value of the intrinsic value and time value of an option is recognised in the other comprehensive income and accounted as a separate component of equity. Such amounts are reclassified into the statement of profit and loss when the related hedged items affect profit and loss.

Any gain or loss is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss when the hedge becomes ineffective.

â¢ Instruments not in hedging relationship

Impairment of financial assets (other than at fair value)

The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired.

Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognises lifetime expected losses for all contract assets and / or all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction. In determining the allowances for doubtful trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient by computing the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables based on a provision matrix. The provision matrix takes into account historical credit loss experience and is adjusted for forward looking information. The expected credit loss allowance is based on the ageing of the receivables that are due and allowance rates used in the provision matrix. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-months expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Mar 31, 2021

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is TCS House, Raveline Street, Fort, Mumbai - 400001. As at March 31, 2021, Tata Sons Private Limited, the holding company owned 72.16% of the Company''s equity share capital.

The Board of Directors approved the standalone financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2021 and authorised for issue on April 12, 2021.

2) Statement of compliance

3) Basis of preparation

Integrated Annual Report 2020-21

period. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company''s normal operating cycle. Based on the nature of services rendered to customers and time elapsed between deployment of resources and the realisation in cash and cash equivalents of the consideration for such services rendered, the Company has considered an operating cycle of 12 months.

These standalone financial statements have been prepared in Indian Rupee (?) which is the functional currency of the Company. Foreign currency transactions are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are retranslated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the standalone financial statements have been discussed in the respective notes.

4) Use of estimates and judgements

The preparation of the standalone financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires management of the Company to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent liabilities as at the date of the standalone financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.

The Company uses the following critical accounting estimates in preparation of its standalone financial statements:

(a) Revenue recognition

Revenue for fixed-price contract is recognised using percentage-of-completion method. The Company uses judgement to estimate the future cost-to-completion of the contracts which is used to determine degree of completion of the performance obligation.

(b) Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

The Company reviews its carrying value of investments carried at cost (net of impairment, if any) annually, or more frequently when there

is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for in the statement of profit and loss.

(d) Fair value measurement of financial instruments

(e) Provision for income tax and deferred tax assets

(f) Provisions and contingent liabilities

The Company estimates the provisions that have present obligations as a result of past events and it is probable that outflow of resources will be

required to settle the obligations. These provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and are adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

The Company uses significant judgements to disclose contingent liabilities. Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Contingent assets are neither recognised nor disclosed in the standalone financial statements.

(g) Employee benefits

The accounting of employee benefit plans in the nature of defined benefit requires the Company to use assumptions. These assumptions have been explained under employee benefits note.

(h) Leases

The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate specific to the lease being evaluated or for a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics.

(i) Impact of COVID-19 (pandemic)

The Company has taken into account all the possible impacts of COVID-19 in preparation of these standalone financial statements, including but not limited to its assessment of, liquidity and going concern assumption, recoverable values of its financial and non-financial assets, impact on revenue recognition owing to changes in cost budgets of fixed price contracts, impact on leases and impact on effectiveness of its hedges. The Company has carried out this assessment based on available internal and external sources of information upto the date of approval of these standalone financial statements and believes that the impact of COVID-19 is not material to these financial statements and expects to recover the carrying amount of its assets. The impact of COVID-19 on the standalone financial statements may differ from that estimated as at the date of approval of these standalone financial statements owing to the nature and duration of COVID-19.

5) Recent pronouncements

On March 24, 2021, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (âMCAâ) through a notification, amended Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013. The amendments revise Division I, II and III of Schedule III and are applicable from April 1, 2021. Key amendments relating to Division II which relate to companies whose financial statements are required to comply with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules 2015 are:

Balance Sheet:

â¢ Lease liabilities should be separately disclosed under the head âfinancial liabilities'', duly distinguished as current or non-current.

â¢ Certain additional disclosures in the statement of changes in equity such as changes in equity share capital due to prior period errors and restated balances at the beginning of the current reporting period.

â¢ Specified format for disclosure of shareholding of promoters.

â¢ Specified format for ageing schedule of trade receivables, trade payables, capital work-in-progress and intangible asset under development.

â¢ If a company has not used funds for the specific purpose for which it was borrowed from banks and financial institutions, then disclosure of details of where it has been used.

â¢ Specific disclosure under âadditional regulatory requirement'' such as compliance with approved schemes of arrangements, compliance with number of layers of companies, title deeds of immovable property not held in name of company, loans and advances to promoters, directors, key managerial personnel (KMP) and related parties, details of benami property held etc.

Statement of profit and loss:

â¢ Additional disclosures relating to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), undisclosed income and crypto or virtual currency specified under the head âadditional information'' in the notes forming part of the standalone financial statements.

The amendments are extensive and the Company will evaluate the same to give effect to them as required by law.

Mar 31, 2019

1) Significant accounting policies

(a) Statement of compliance

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as âInd ASâ) as prescribed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time to time.

(b) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in Indian Rupee (â which is the functional currency of the Company.

These financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value or amortised cost at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Companyâs normal operating cycle. Based on the nature of services rendered to customers and time elapsed between deployment of resources and the realisation in cash and cash equivalents of the consideration for such services rendered, the Company has considered an operating cycle of 12 months.

The statement of cash flows have been prepared under indirect method.

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.

Key sources of estimation of uncertainty at the date of the financial statements, which may cause a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are in respect of impairment of investments, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, valuation of deferred tax assets and fair value measurement of financial instruments, these are discussed below. Key sources of estimation of uncertainty in respect of revenue recognition, employee benefits and provisions and contingent liabilities have been discussed in their respective policies.

Impairment of investments in subsidiaries

The Company reviews its carrying value of investments carried at amortised cost annually, or more frequently when there is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.

Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

Valuation of deferred tax assets

The Company reviews the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period. The policy has been explained under note 2(i).

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

(d) Revenue recognition

The Company earns revenue primarily from providing IT services, consulting and business solutions. The Company offers a consulting-led, cognitive powered, integrated portfolio of IT, business and engineering services and solutions.

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company has applied Ind AS 115 which establishes a comprehensive framework for determining whether, how much and when revenue is to be recognised. Ind AS 115 replaces Ind AS 18 Revenue and Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts. The Company has adopted Ind AS 115 using the cumulative effect method. The effect of initially applying this standard is recognised at the date of initial application (i.e. April 1, 2018). The standard is applied retrospectively only to contracts that are not completed as at the date of initial application and the comparative information in the statement of profit and loss is not restated - i.e. the comparative information continues to be reported under Ind AS 18 and Ind AS 11. Refer note 2(d) -Significant accounting policies - Revenue recognition in the Annual report of the Company for the year ended March 31, 2018, for the revenue recognition policy as per Ind AS 18 and Ind AS 11. The impact of the adoption of the standard on the financial statements of the Company is insignificant.

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.

- Revenue from time and material and job contracts is recognised on output basis measured by units delivered, efforts expended, number of transactions processed, etc.

- Revenue related to fixed price maintenance and support services contracts where the Company is standing ready to provide services is recognised based on time elapsed mode and revenue is straight lined over the period of performance.

- In respect of other fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognised using percentage-of-completion method (âPOC methodâ) of accounting with contract costs incurred determining the degree of completion of the performance obligation. The contract costs used in computing the revenues include cost of fulfilling warranty obligations.

- Revenue from the sale of distinct internally developed software and manufactured systems and third party software is recognised upfront at the point in time when the system / software is delivered to the customer. In cases where implementation and / or customisation services rendered significantly modifies or customises the software, these services and software are accounted for as a single performance obligation and revenue is recognised over time on a POC method.

- Revenue from the sale of distinct third party hardware is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer.

- The solutions offered by the Company may include supply of third-party equipment or software. In such cases, revenue for supply of such third party products are recorded at gross or net basis depending on whether the Company is acting as the principal or as an agent of the customer. The Company recognises revenue in the gross amount of consideration when it is acting as a principal and at net amount of consideration when it is acting as an agent.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, service level credits, performance bonuses, price concessions and incentives, if any, as specified in the contract with the customer. Revenue also excludes taxes collected from customers.

Revenue from subsidiaries is recognised based on transaction price which is at armâs length.

Contract assets are recognised when there is excess of revenue earned over billings on contracts. Contract assets are classified as unbilled receivables (only act of invoicing is pending) when there is unconditional right to receive cash, and only passage of time is required, as per contractual terms.

Unearned and deferred revenue (âcontract liabilityâ) is recognised when there is billings in excess of revenues.

The billing schedules agreed with customers include periodic performance based payments and / or milestone based progress payments. Invoices are payable within contractually agreed credit period.

In accordance with Ind AS 37, the Company recognises an onerous contract provision when the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under a contract exceed the economic benefits to be received.

Contracts are subject to modification to account for changes in contract specification and requirements. The Company reviews modification to contract in conjunction with the original contract, basis which the transaction price could be allocated to a new performance obligation, or transaction price of an existing obligation could undergo a change. In the event transaction price is revised for existing obligation, a cumulative adjustment is accounted for.

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers by industry verticals, geography and nature of services.

Use of significant judgements in revenue recognition

- The Companyâs contracts with customers could include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. The Company assesses the products / services promised in a contract and identifies distinct performance obligations in the contract. Identification of distinct performance obligation involves judgement to determine the deliverables and the ability of the customer to benefit independently from such deliverables.

- Judgement is also required to determine the transaction price for the contract. The transaction price could be either a fixed amount of customer consideration or variable consideration with elements such as volume discounts, service level credits, performance bonuses, price concessions and incentives. The transaction price is also adjusted for the effects of the time value of money if the contract includes a significant financing component. Any consideration payable to the customer is adjusted to the transaction price, unless it is a payment for a distinct product or service from the customer. The estimated amount of variable consideration is adjusted in the transaction price only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur and is reassessed at the end of each reporting period. The Company allocates the elements of variable considerations to all the performance obligations of the contract unless there is observable evidence that they pertain to one or more distinct performance obligations.

- The Company uses judgement to determine an appropriate standalone selling price for a performance obligation. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct product or service promised in the contract. Where standalone selling price is not observable, the Company uses the expected cost plus margin approach to allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation.

- The Company exercises judgement in determining whether the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time or over a period of time. The Company considers indicators such as how customer consumes benefits as services are rendered or who controls the asset as it is being created or existence of enforceable right to payment for performance to date and alternate use of such product or service, transfer of significant risks and rewards to the customer, acceptance of delivery by the customer, etc.

- Revenue for fixed-price contract is recognised using percentage-of-completion method. The Company uses judgement to estimate the future cost-to-completion of the contracts which is used to determine the degree of completion of the performance obligation.

- Contract fulfilment costs are generally expensed as incurred except for certain software licence costs which meet the criteria for capitalisation. Such costs are amortised over the contractual period or useful life of licence whichever is less. The assessment of this criteria requires the application of judgement, in particular when considering if costs generate or enhance resources to be used to satisfy future performance obligations and whether costs are expected to be recovered.

(e) Dividend income is recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method.

(f) Leases Finance lease

Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Operating lease

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating lease. Operating lease payments are recognised on a straight line basis over the lease term in the statement of profit and loss, unless the lease agreement explicitly states that increase is on account of inflation.

(g) Cost recognition

Costs and expenses are recognised when incurred and have been classified according to their nature.

The costs of the Company are broadly categorised in employee benefit expenses, cost of equipment and software licences, depreciation and amortisation expense and other expenses. Employee benefit expenses include salaries, incentives and allowances, contributions to provident and other funds and staff welfare expenses. Other expenses mainly include fees to external consultants, facility expenses, travel expenses, communication expenses, bad debts and advances written off, allowance for doubtful trade receivable and advances (net) and other expenses. Other expenses is an aggregation of costs which are individually not material such as commission and brokerage, recruitment and training, entertainment, etc.

(h) Foreign currency

Foreign currency transactions are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are retranslated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.

(i) Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current tax expense and the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability during the year. Current and deferred taxes are recognised in statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current income taxes

The current income tax expense includes income taxes payable by the Company and its branches in India and overseas. The current tax payable by the Company in India is Indian income tax payable on worldwide income after taking credit for tax relief available for export operations in Special Economic Zones (SEZs).

Current income tax payable by overseas branches of the Company is computed in accordance with the tax laws applicable in the jurisdiction in which the respective branch operates. The taxes paid are generally available for set off against the Indian income tax liability of the Companyâs worldwide income.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the relevant tax paying unit intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

Deferred income taxes

Deferred income tax is recognised using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognised for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction.

Deferred income tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilised.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be received or settled.

For operations carried out in SEZs, deferred tax assets or liabilities, if any, have been established for the tax consequences of those temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases that reverse after the tax holiday ends.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the relevant entity intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, to the extent it would be available for set off against future current income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realised.

(j) Financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability.

The Company derecognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Companyâs obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash that are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value and having original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of balances with banks which are unrestricted for withdrawal and usage.

Financial assets at amortised cost

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is to hold these assets to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

The Company has made an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading in other comprehensive income.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless they are measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognised at the proceeds received net of direct issue cost.

Hedge accounting

The effective portion of change in the fair value of the designated hedging instrument is recognised in the other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading cash flow hedging reserve.

The Company separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option and designates as hedging instruments only the change in intrinsic value of the option. The change in fair value of the time value and intrinsic value of an option is recognised in the statement of other comprehensive income and accounted as a separate component of equity. Such amounts are reclassified into the statement of profit and loss when the related hedged items affect profit or loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity till that time remains and is recognised in statement of profit and loss when the forecasted transaction ultimately affects the profit or loss.

(k) Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Contingent assets are neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

(l) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment loss, if any.

(m) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost comprising of purchase price and any initial directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use, less accumulated depreciation (other than freehold land) and impairment loss, if any.

Depreciation is provided for property, plant and equipment on a straight line basis so as to expense the cost less residual value over their estimated useful lives based on a technical evaluation. The estimated useful lives and residual value are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any change in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives are as mentioned below:

Assets held under finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation is complete and the asset is ready for its intended use.

(n) Intangible assets

Intangible assets purchased are measured at cost as of the date of acquisition, as applicable, less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Intangible assets consist of rights under licensing agreement and software licences which are amortised over licence period which equates the useful life ranging between 2-5 years on a straight line basis over the period of its economic useful life.

(o) Impairment

(i) Financial assets (other than at fair value)

The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. In determining the allowances for doubtful trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient by computing the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables based on a provision matrix. The provision matrix takes into account historical credit loss experience and is adjusted for forward looking information. The expected credit loss allowance is based on the ageing of the receivables that are due and allowance rates used in the provision matrix. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-months expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

(ii) Non-financial assets Tangible and intangible assets

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite life are evaluated for recoverability whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount (i.e. higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

(p) Employee benefits

(i) Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Remeasurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling and the return on plan assets (excluding interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Past service cost, both vested and unvested, is recognised as an expense at the earlier of (a) when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs; and (b) when the entity recognises related restructuring costs or termination benefits.

The retirement benefit obligations recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligations reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Defined contribution plans

Contributions to defined contribution plans are recognised as expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to such benefits.

(iii) Short-term employee benefits

All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages etc. and the expected cost of ex-gratia are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid when there is a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

(iv) Compensated absences

Compensated absences which are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as undiscounted liability at the balance sheet date. Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

(q) Inventories

Inventories consists of (a) Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components, (b) Work-in-progress, (c) Stores and spare parts and (d) Finished goods. Inventories are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. The cost of raw materials, sub-assemblies and components is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of finished goods produced or purchased by the Company includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

(r) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing profit or loss attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities in any of the years presented.

Mar 31, 2018

1) Corporate information

Tata Consultancy Services Limited (referred to as "TCS Limited" or "the Company") provides consulting-led integrated portfolio of information technology (IT) and IT-enabled services delivered through a network of delivery centers around the globe. The Company''s full services portfolio consists of IT and Assurance Services, Business Intelligence and Performance Management, Business Process Services, Consulting, Digital Enterprise Services, Eco-sustainability Services, Engineering and Industrial Services, Enterprise Security and Risk Management, Enterprise Solutions, iON-Small and Medium Businesses, IT Infrastructure Services, IT Services and Platform Solutions.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is TCS House, Raveline Street, Fort, Mumbai - 400001. As at March 31, 2018, Tata Sons Limited, the holding company owned 71.89% of the Company''s equity share capital.

The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2018 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorized for issue on April 19, 2018.

2) Significant accounting policies

(a) Statement of compliance

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as "Ind AS") as prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time to time.

(b) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires the management of the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected.

Key sources of estimation of uncertainty at the date of the financial statements, which may cause a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, is in respect of impairment of investments, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, valuation of deferred tax assets, provisions and contingent liabilities and fair value measurement of financial instruments have been discussed below. Key source of estimation of uncertainty in respect of revenue recognition and employee benefits have been discussed in their respective policies.

Impairment of investments

The Company reviews its carrying value of investments carried at amortized cost annually, or more frequently when there is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.

Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

Valuation of deferred tax assets

The Company reviews the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period. The policy has been explained under note 2(i).

Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the financial statements. Contingent assets are neither recognized nor disclosed in the financial statements.

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values. Judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. The policy has been further explained under note 2(j).

(d) Revenue recognition

TCS Limited earns revenue primarily from providing information technology, business solutions and consultancy services through development and maintenance of IT applications and infrastructure, implementation of enterprise solutions, business process services, assurance services, engineering and industrial services using its own products, framework of solutions and third party products.

The Company recognizes revenue as follows:

Contracts are unbundled into separately identifiable components and the consideration is allocated to those identifiable components on the basis of their relative fair values. Revenue is recognized for respective components either at the point in time or over time, as applicable.

Revenue from contracts priced on a time and material basis is recognized as services are rendered and as related costs are incurred.

Revenue from software development contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, is recognized over the life of the contract using the percentage-of-completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Losses on such contracts are recognized when probable. Revenue in excess of billings is recognized as unbilled revenue in the balance sheet; to the extent billings are in excess of revenue recognized, the excess is reported as unearned and deferred revenue in the balance sheet.

Revenue from Business Process Services contracts priced on the basis of time and material or unit of delivery is recognized as services are rendered or the related obligation is performed.

Revenue from the sale of internally developed and manufactured systems and third party products which do not require significant modification is recognized upon delivery, which is when the absolute right to use passes to the customer and the Company does not have any material remaining service obligations.

Revenue from maintenance contracts is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the period of the contract.

Revenue is recognized only when evidence of an arrangement is obtained and the other criteria to support revenue recognition are met, including the price is fixed or determinable, services have been rendered and collectability of the resulting receivables is reasonably assured.

Revenue is reported net of discounts and indirect taxes.

(e) Dividend income is recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method.

(f) Leases Finance lease

Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalized at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognized for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Operating lease

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the less or, are recognized as operating lease. Operating lease payments are recognized on a straight line basis over the lease term in the statement of profit and loss, unless the lease agreement explicitly states that increase is on account of inflation.

(g) Cost recognition

Costs and expenses are recognized when incurred and have been classified according to their nature.

The costs of the Company are broadly categorized in employee benefit expenses, cost of equipment and software licenses, depreciation and amortization and other operating expenses. Employee benefit expenses include employee compensation, allowances paid, contribution to various funds and staff welfare expenses. Other operating expenses mainly include fees to external consultants, facility expenses, travel expenses, communication expenses, bad debts and advances written off, allowance for doubtful trade receivable and advances (net) and other expenses. Other expenses is an aggregation of costs which are individually not material such as commission and brokerage, recruitment and training, entertainment, etc.

(h) Foreign currency

The functional currency of the Company is Indian rupee O.

Income and expenses in foreign currencies are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.

(i) Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current tax expense and the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability during the year. Current and deferred taxes are recognized in statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current income taxes

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the relevant taxpaying unit intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

Deferred income taxes

Deferred income tax is recognized using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits in the form of availability of set off against future income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognized as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realized.

(j) Financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability.

Cash and cash equivalents

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is to hold these assets to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

The Company has made an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading in other comprehensive income.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless they are measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognized in statement of profit and loss.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments recognized by the Company are recognized at the proceeds received net off direct issue cost.

Hedge accounting

The effective portion of change in the fair value of the designated hedging instrument is recognized in the other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading cash flow hedging reserve.

The Company separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option and designates as hedging instruments only the change in intrinsic value of the option. The change in fair value of the time value and intrinsic value of an option is recognized in the statement of other comprehensive income and accounted as a separate component of equity. Such amounts are reclassified into the statement of profit and loss when the related hedged items affect profit or loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity till that time remains and is recognized in statement of profit and loss when the forecasted transaction ultimately affects the profit or loss. When a forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss accumulated in equity is transferred to the statement of profit and loss.

(k) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment.

(l) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation (other than freehold land) and impairment loss, if any.

Depreciation is provided for property, plant and equipment so as to expense the cost less residual value over their estimated useful lives based on a technical evaluation. The estimated useful lives and residual value are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any change in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Assets held under finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives. Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation is complete and the asset is ready for its intended use.

(m) Intangible assets

Intangible assets purchased are measured at cost as of the date of acquisition, as applicable, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any.

Intangible assets consist of rights under licensing agreement and software licenses which are amortized over license period which equates the useful life ranging between 2-5 years on a straight line basis.

(n) Impairment

(i) Financial assets (other than at fair value)

The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. In determining the allowances for doubtful trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient by computing the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables based on a provision matrix. The provision matrix takes into account historical credit loss experience and is adjusted for forward looking information. The expected credit loss allowance is based on the ageing of the receivables that are due and rates used in the provision matrix. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-months expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

(ii) Non-financial assets Tangible and intangible assets

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite life are evaluated for recoverability whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount (i.e. higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

(o) Employee benefits

(i) Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the other comprehensive income for the period in which they occur. Past service cost both vested and unvested is recognized as an expense at the earlier of (a) when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs; and (b) when the entity recognises related restructuring costs or termination benefits.

The retirement benefit obligations recognized in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligations reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Defined contribution plans

Contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to such benefits.

(iii) Compensated absences

Compensated absences which are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognized as undiscounted liability at the balance sheet date. Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognized as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

(p) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at lower of cost and net realizable value. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

(q) Earnings per share

3) Recent Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS)

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") through Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2018 has notified the following new and amendments to Ind ASs which the Company has not applied as they are effective for annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2018:

Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Ind AS 21 The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

Ind AS 115 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Ind AS 115 establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Ind AS 115 will supersede the current revenue recognition standard Ind AS 18 - Revenue, Ind AS 11 - Construction Contracts when it becomes effective.

The core principle of Ind AS 115 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Specifically, the standard introduces a 5-step approach to revenue recognition:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligation in contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

Under Ind AS 115, an entity recognizes revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, i.e. when ''control'' of the goods or services underlying the particular performance obligation is transferred to the customer.

The Company has completed its evaluation of the possible impact of Ind AS 115 and will adopt the standard with all related amendments to all contracts with customers retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application. Under this transition method, cumulative effect of initially applying Ind AS 115 is recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the annual reporting period. The standard is applied retrospectively only to contracts that are not completed contracts at the date of initial application. The Company does not expect the impact of the adoption of the new standard to be material on its retained earnings and to its net income on an ongoing basis.

Ind AS 21 - The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

The amendment clarifies on the accounting of transactions that include the receipt or payment of advance consideration in a foreign currency. The appendix explains that the date of the transaction, for the purpose of determining the exchange rate, is the date of initial recognition of the non-monetary prepayment asset or deferred income liability. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, a date of transaction is established for each payment or receipt. TCS Limited is evaluating the impact of this amendment on its financial statements.

The Company benefits from the tax holiday available for units set up under the Special Economic Zone Act, 2005. These tax holidays are available for a period of fifteen years from the date of commencement of operations. Under the SEZ scheme, the unit which begins providing services on or after April 1, 2005 will be eligible for deductions of 100% of profits or gains derived from export of services for the first five years, 50% of such profit or gains for a further period of five years and 50% of such profits or gains for the balance period of five years subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. From April 1, 2011 units set up under SEZ scheme are subject to Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT).

Under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, the Company is liable to pay Minimum Alternate Tax in the tax holiday period. MAT paid can be carried forward for a period of 15 years and can be set off against the future tax liabilities. MAT is recognized as a deferred tax asset only when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realized. Accordingly, the Company has recognized a deferred tax asset of Rs, 2,204 crores.

As at March 31, 2018, the Company has contingent liability in respect of demands from direct tax authorities in India and other jurisdictions, which are being contested by the Company on appeal amounting Rs, 5,616 crores (March 31, 2017: Rs, 2,688 crores). In respect of tax contingencies of Rs, 318 crores (March 31, 2017: Rs, 318 crores), not included above, the Company is entitled to an indemnification from the seller of TCS e-Serve Limited.

The Company periodically receives notices and inquiries from income tax authorities related to the Company''s operations in the jurisdictions it operates in. The Company has evaluated these notices and inquiries and has concluded that any consequent income tax claims or demands by the income tax authorities will not succeed on ultimate resolution.

The number of years that are subject to tax assessments varies depending on tax jurisdiction. The major tax jurisdictions of Tata Consultancy Services Limited include India, United States of America and United Kingdom. In India, tax filings from fiscal 2016 are generally subject to examination by the tax authorities. In United States of America, the federal statute of limitation applies to fiscals 2014 and earlier and applicable state statutes of limitation vary by state. In United Kingdom, the statute of limitation generally applies to fiscal 2015 and earlier.

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, originally known as the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" was signed into law ("US Tax Reforms"). The law provides for a federal tax rate reduction from a maximum rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% with effect from January 1, 2018. The tax rate change does not have any significant impact on the taxes of the Company.

The Board of Directors of the Company, at its meeting held on February 20, 2017 had approved a proposal to buyback of up to 5,61,40,351 equity shares of the Company for an aggregate amount not exceeding '' 16,000 crores being 2.85% of the total paid up equity share capital at Rs, 2,850 per equity share, which was approved by the shareholders by means of a special resolution through a postal ballot.

A Letter of Offer was made to all eligible shareholders. The Company bought back 5,61,40,350 equity shares out of the shares that were tendered by eligible shareholders and extinguished the equity shares bought on June 7, 2017.

Capital redemption reserve was created to the extent of share capital extinguished (Rs, 6 crores). An amount of Rs, 5,005 crores from retained earnings was used to offset the excess of buy-back cost of Rs, 16,042 crores (including Rs, 42 crores towards transaction costs of buy-back) over par value of shares after adjusting the balances lying in securities premium ('' 1,919 crores) and general reserve ('' 9,118 crores).

(v) Equity shares movement during the 5 years preceding March 31, 2018

(a) Equity shares extinguished on buy-back 5,61,40,350 equity shares of '' 1 each were extinguished on buy-back by the company pursuant to a Letter of Offer made to all eligible shareholders of the company at '' 2,850 per equity share. The equity shares bought back were extinguished on June 7, 2017.

(b) Equity shares allotted as fully-paid including equity shares fully paid pursuant to contract without payment being received in cash 1,16,99,962 equity shares issued to the shareholders of CMC Limited in terms of the scheme of amalgamation (''the Scheme'') sanctioned by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay vide its Order dated August 14, 2015 and the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad vide its Order dated July 20, 2015. 15,06,983 equity shares of Rs, 1 each have been issued to the shareholders of TCS e-Serve Limited in terms of the composite scheme of amalgamation sanctioned by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay vide its Order dated September 6, 2013.

(vi) The Company''s objective for capital management is to maximize shareholder value, safeguard business continuity and support the growth of the Company. The Company determines the capital requirement based on annual operating plans and long-term and other strategic investment plans. The funding requirements are met through equity and operating cash flows generated. The Company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

Nature of reserves

(a) Capital reserve

The Company recognizes profit and loss on purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Company''s own equity instruments to capital reserve.

(b) Securities premium

Securities premium reserve is used to record the premium on issue of shares. The reserve is utilized in accordance with the provision of the Companies Act, 2013.

The General reserve is used from time to time to transfer profits from retained earnings for appropriation purposes. As the General reserve is created by a transfer from one component of equity to another and is not item of other comprehensive income, items included in the General reserve will not be reclassified subsequently to statement of profit and loss.

(d) Investment revaluation reserve

This reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses arising on the revaluation of equity / debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, net of amounts reclassified to retained earnings when those assets have been disposed off.

(e) Cash flow hedging reserve

The cash flow hedging reserve represents the cumulative effective portion of gains or losses arising on changes in fair value of designated portion of hedging instruments entered into for cash flow hedges. The cumulative gain or loss arising on changes in fair value of the designated portion of the hedging instruments that are recognized and accumulated under the heading of cash flow hedging reserve. Such gains or losses will be reclassified to statement of profit and loss in the period in which the hedged transaction occurs.

(f) Capital redemption reserve

As per Companies Act, 2013, capital redemption reserve is created when company purchases its own shares out of free reserves or securities premium. A sum equal to the nominal value of the shares so purchased is transferred to capital redemption reserve.

(g) Special Economic Zone re-investment reserve

The Special Economic Zone re-investment reserve has been created out of the profit of eligible SEZ units in terms of the provisions of section 10AA(1)(ii) of the Income-tax Act,1961. The reserve should be utilized by the Company for acquiring new plant and machinery for the purpose of its business in the terms of the section 10AA(2) of Income-tax Act, 1961.

Employee benefit plans Gratuity and pension

In accordance with Indian law, the Company operates a scheme of gratuity which is a defined benefit plan. The gratuity plan provides for a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 to 30 days'' salary payable for each completed year of service. Vesting occurs upon completion of five continuous years of service. Certain overseas subsidiaries of the Company also provide for retirement benefit pension plans in accordance with the local laws.

The following table sets out the details of the defined benefit retirement plans and the amounts recognized in the financial statements:

The expected benefits are based on the same assumptions as are used to measure the Company''s defined benefit plan obligations as at March 31, 2018. The Company is expected to contribute Rs, 147 crores to defined benefit plan obligations funds for the year ending March 31, 2019.

The significant actuarial assumptions for the determination of the defined benefit obligations are discount rate and expected salary increase. The sensitivity analysis below have been determined based on reasonably possible changes of the respective assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period, while holding all other assumptions constant.

If the discount rate increases (decreases) by 0.50%, the defined benefit obligations would decrease by Rs, 79 crores (increase by Rs, 85 crores) as at March 31, 2018.

If the expected salary growth increases (decreases) by 0.50%, the defined benefit obligations would increase by Rs, 85 crores (decrease by Rs, 80 crores) as at March 31, 2018.

The sensitivity analysis presented above may not be representative of the actual change in the defined benefit obligations as it is unlikely that the change in assumptions would occur in isolation of one another as some of the assumption may be correlated.

Furthermore, in presenting the above sensitivity analysis, the present value of the defined benefit obligations has been calculated using the Projected Unit Credit Method at the end of the reporting period, which is the same as that applied in calculating the defined benefit obligation liability recognized in the balance sheet.

Each year an Asset - Liability matching study is performed in which the consequences of the strategic investment policies are analysed in terms of risk and return profiles. Investment and contribution policies are integrated within this study.

Provident fund

In accordance with Indian law, all eligible employees of the Company in India are entitled to receive benefits under the provident fund plan in which both the employee and employer (at a determined rate) contribute monthly to a Trust set up by the Company to manage the investments and distribute the amounts entitled to employees. This plan is a defined benefit plan as the Company is obligated to provide its members a rate of return which should, at the minimum, meet the interest rate declared by Government administered provident fund. A part of the Company''s contribution is transferred to Government administered pension fund. The contributions made by the Company and the shortfall of interest, if any, are recognized as an expense in profit and loss under employee benefit expenses. In accordance with an actuarial valuation of provident fund liabilities on the basis of guidance issued by Actuarial Society of India and based on the assumptions as mentioned below, there is no deficiency in the interest cost as the present value of the expected future earnings of the fund is greater than the expected amount to be credited to the individual members based on the expected guaranteed rate of interest of Government administered provident fund.

The Company contributed Rs, 222 crores (March 31, 2017: Rs, 221 crores) to the Employees'' Superannuation Fund for the year ended March 31, 2018.

Foreign Defined Contribution Plan

The Company contributed Rs, 331 crores (March 31, 2017: Rs, 304 crores) during the year ended March 31, 2018 towards foreign defined contribution plan.

Mar 31, 2017

1) CORPORATE INFORMATION

Tata Consultancy Services Limited (referred to as "TCS Limited" or "the Company") provides consulting-led integrated portfolio of information technology (IT) and IT-enabled services delivered through a network of delivery centers around the globe. The Companyâs full services portfolio consists of IT and Assurance Services, Business Intelligence and Performance Management, Business Process Services, Consulting, Digital Enterprise Services, Eco-sustainability Services, Engineering and Industrial Services, Enterprise Security and Risk Management, Enterprise Solutions, iON-Small and Medium Businesses, IT Infrastructure Services, IT Services and Platform Solutions.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is TCS House, Raveline Street, Fort, Mumbai - 400001. As at March 31, 2017, Tata Sons Limited, the holding company owned 73.26% of the Companyâs equity share capital.

The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2017 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorized for issue on April 18, 2017.

2) SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a) Statement of compliance

In accordance with the notification issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, the Company has adopted Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as "Ind AS") notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 with effect from April 1, 2016. Previous periods have been restated to Ind AS. In accordance with Ind AS 101 First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards, the Company has presented a reconciliation from the presentation of financial statements under Accounting Standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006 ("Previous GAAP") to Ind AS of shareholdersâ equity as at March 31, 2016 and April 1, 2015 and of the comprehensive net income for the year ended March 31, 2016.

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Ind AS as notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 read with Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013.

b) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

CMC Limited has been amalgamated with the Company with effect from April 1, 2015 in terms of the scheme of amalgamation sanctioned by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay vide its Order dated August 14, 2015 and the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad vide its Order dated July 20, 2015. All assets and liabilities, income and expense have been included retrospectively in the financial statements of the Company. The difference between the amounts recorded as investments of the Company and the amount of share capital of CMC Limited has been adjusted in the General reserve.

c) Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.

Impairment of investments

Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.

Valuation of deferred tax assets

The Company reviews the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period. The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2(i).

Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits and compensated absences) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognized nor disclosed in the financial statements.

d) Revenue recognition

The Company earns revenue primarily from providing information technology and consultancy services, including services under contracts for software development, implementation and other related services, licensing and sale of its own software, business process services and maintenance of equipment.

The Company recognizes revenue as follows:

Revenue from bundled contracts that involve supplying computer equipment, licensing software and providing services is allocated separately for each element based on their fair values.

Revenue from contracts priced on a time and material basis is recognized as services are rendered and as related costs are incurred.

Revenue from software development contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, is recognized over the life of the contract using the percentage-of-completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Losses on such contracts are recognized when probable. Revenue in excess of billings is recognized as unbilled revenue in the Balance sheet; to the extent billings are in excess of revenue recognized, the excess is reported as unearned and deferred revenue in the Balance sheet.

Revenue from Business Process Services contracts priced on the basis of time and material or unit of delivery is recognized as services are rendered or the related obligation is performed.

Revenue from maintenance contracts is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the period of the contract.

Revenue is reported net of discounts, indirect and service taxes.

e) Dividend income is recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method.

f) Leases Finance lease

Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalized at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognized for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Operating lease

g) Cost recognition

Costs and expenses are recognized when incurred and have been classified according to their nature.

The costs of the Company are broadly categorized in employee benefit expenses, depreciation and amortization and other operating expenses. Employee benefit expenses include employee compensation, allowances paid, contribution to various funds and staff welfare expenses. Other operating expenses mainly include fees to external consultants, cost of running its facilities, travel expenses, cost of equipment and software licenses, communication costs, allowances for delinquent receivables and advances and other expenses. Other expenses is an aggregation of costs which are individually not material such as commission and brokerage, recruitment and training, entertainment etc.

h) Foreign currency

The functional currency of the Company is Indian rupee (Rs,).

Income and expenses in foreign currencies are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the Balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.

i) Income taxes

Current income taxes

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the Balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the relevant taxpaying units intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

Deferred income taxes

Deferred income tax is recognized using the Balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction.

Deferred income tax asset are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits in the form of availability of set off against future income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognized as deferred tax asset in the Balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realized.

The Company recognizes interest levied and penalties related to income tax assessments in finance costs.

j) Financial instruments

Cash and cash equivalents

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

The Company has made an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognized in profit or loss.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments recognized by the Company are recognized at the proceeds received net off direct issue cost.

Hedge accounting

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward, option and future contracts as hedge instruments in respect of foreign exchange risks. These hedges are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

The Company uses hedging instruments that are governed by the policies of the Company which are approved by the Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the risk management strategy of the Company.

The hedge instruments are designated and documented as hedges at the inception of the contract. The effectiveness of hedge instruments to reduce the risk associated with the exposure being hedged is assessed and measured at inception and on an ongoing basis. The ineffective portion of designated hedges is recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The effective portion of change in the fair value of the designated hedging instrument is recognized in the other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading cash flow hedge reserve.

The Company separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option and designates as hedging instruments only the change in intrinsic value of the option. The change in fair value of the time value and intrinsic value of an option is recognized in the statement of other comprehensive income and accounted as a separate component of equity. Such amounts are reclassified into the statement of profit and loss when the related hedged items affect profit or loss.

k) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment.

l) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation (other than freehold land) and impairment loss, if any.

Depreciation is provided for property, plant and equipment so as to expense the cost over their estimated useful lives based on a technical evaluation. The estimated useful lives and residual value are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any change in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Assets held under finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation is complete and the asset is ready for its intended use.

m) Intangible assets

Intangible assets purchased are measured at cost as of the date of acquisition, as applicable, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any.

n) Impairment

(i) Financial assets (other than at fair value)

The Company assesses at each date of Balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognizes lifetime expected losses for all contract assets and / or all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12 month expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

(ii) Non-financial assets Tangible and intangible assets

to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

o) Employee benefits

(i) Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the other comprehensive income for the period in which they occur. Past service cost both vested and unvested is recognized as an expense at the earlier of (a) when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs; and (b) when the entity recognizes related restructuring costs or termination benefits.

The retirement benefit obligations recognized in the Balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligations reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Defined contribution plans

Contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to such benefits.

(iii) Compensated absences

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognized as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the Balance sheet date.

p) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods-in-transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at lower of cost and net realizable value. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct material and labor cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

q) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing profit or loss attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities in any of the yearsâ presented.

3) EXPLANATION OF TRANSITION TO IND AS

The transition as at April 1, 2015 to Ind AS was carried out from Previous GAAP The exemptions and exceptions applied by the Company in accordance with Ind AS 101 - First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards, the reconciliations of equity and total comprehensive income in accordance with Previous GAAP to Ind AS are explained below.

Exemptions from retrospective application:

The Company has applied the following exemptions:

(a) Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates

The Company has elected to adopt the carrying value under Previous GAAP as on the date of transition i.e. April 1, 2015 in its separate financial statements.

(b) Business combinations

The Company has elected to apply Ind AS 103 - Business Combinations retrospectively to past business combinations from April 1, 2013.

(iii) Reconciliation of Statement of Cash Flow

There are no material adjustments to the Statements of Cash Flows as reported under the Previous GAAP Notes to reconciliations between Previous GAAP and Ind AS

(a) Dividend (including dividend tax)

Under Ind AS, dividend to holders of equity instruments is recognized as a liability in the year in which the obligation to pay is established. Under Previous GAAP dividend payable is recorded as a liability in the year to which it relates. This has resulted in an increase in equity by '' 6,403 crores and '' 5,724 crores (including dividend declared by CMC Limited) as at March 31, 2016 and April 1, 2015 respectively.

(b) Depreciation

In April 2014, the Company revised its method of depreciation from written down value to straight-line basis. This change in method was retrospectively adjusted in accordance with Previous GAAP Under Ind AS, the Company has elected to apply Ind AS 16 - Property, plant and equipment from the date of acquisition of property, plant and equipment and accordingly the change in method has been prospectively applied as a change in estimate. This has resulted in a decline in equity under Ind AS by Rs, 440 crores, and Rs, 537 crores as at March 31, 2016, and as at April 1, 2015 respectively, and increase in net profit by Rs, 97 crores for the year ended March 31, 2016.

(c) Fair valuation of investments

Under Previous GAAP current investments were measured at lower of cost or fair value and long term investments were measured at cost less diminution in value which is other than temporary, under Ind AS Financial assets other than amortised cost are subsequently measured at fair value.

The Company holds investment in government securities with the objective of both collecting contractual cash flows which give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding and selling financial assets. The Company has also made an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of equity investments not held for trading. This has resulted in increase in investment revaluation reserve by Rs, 82 crores, and increase in investment revaluation reserve by Rs, 4 crores as at March 31, 2016 and April 1, 2015 respectively.

Investment in mutual funds have been classified as fair value through statement of profit and loss and changes in fair value are recognized in statement of profit and loss. This has resulted in increase in retained earnings of Rs, 1 crore, and Rs, 5 crores as at March 31, 2016 and April 1, 2015 respectively, increase in net profit by Rs, 3 crores for the year ended March 31, 2016.

(d) Tax adjustments

Tax adjustments include deferred tax impact on account of differences between Previous GAAP and Ind AS. These adjustments have resulted in an increase in equity under Ind AS by Rs, 101 crores and Rs, 133 crores as at March 31, 2016, and April 1, 2015 respectively and decrease in net profit by Rs, 28 crores for the year ended March 31, 2016.

(e) Employee benefits

Under Previous GAAP actuarial gains and losses were recognized in the statement of profit and loss. Under Ind AS, the actuarial gains and losses form part of re-measurement of net defined benefit liability/asset which is recognized in other comprehensive income in the respective yearsâ. This difference has resulted in increase in net profit of Rs, 122 crores for the year ended March 31, 2016. However, the same does not result in difference in equity or total comprehensive income.

The Company benefits from the tax holiday available for units set up under the Special Economic Zone Act, 2005. These tax holidays are available for a period of fifteen years from the date of commencement of operations. Under the SEZ scheme, the unit which begins providing services on or after April 1, 2005 will be eligible for deductions of 100% of profits or gains derived from export of services for the first five years, 50% of such profits or gains for a further period of five years and 50% of such profits or gains for the balance period of five years subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. From April 1, 2011 units set up under SEZ scheme are subject to Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT).

Significant components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities for the year ended March 31, 2017 are as follows:

The Company has ongoing disputes with Income Tax authorities relating to tax treatment of certain items. These mainly include disallowed expenses, tax treatment of certain expenses claimed by the Company as deductions, and computation of, or eligibility of, certain tax incentives or allowances. As at March 31, 2017, the Company has contingent liability in respect of demands from direct tax authorities in India, which are being contested by the Company on appeal amounting Rs, 2,688 crores. In respect of tax contingencies of Rs, 318 crores, not included above, the Company is entitled to an indemnification from the seller of TCS e-Serve Limited.

The Company periodically receives notices and inquiries from income tax authorities related to the Companyâs operations in the jurisdictions it operates in. The Company has evaluated these notices and inquiries and has concluded that any consequent income tax claims or demands by the income tax authorities will not succeed on ultimate resolution.

The number of years that are subject to tax assessments varies depending on tax jurisdiction. The major tax jurisdictions of Tata Consultancy Services Limited include India, United States of America and United Kingdom. In India, tax filings from fiscal 2014 are generally subject to examination by the tax authorities. In United States of America, the federal statute of limitation applies to fiscals 2013 and earlier and applicable state statutes of limitation vary by state. In United Kingdom, the statute of limitation generally applies to fiscal 2014 and earlier.

The authorised equity share capital was increased to 460,05,00,000 equity shares of '' 1 each pursuant to the amalgamation of its subsidiaries, WTI Advanced Technology Limited vide the Order dated March 27, 2015 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay and CMC Limited, vide the Order dated August 14, 2015 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay and vide the Order dated July 20, 2015 of the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad. The Board of Directors of the Company, at its meeting held on February 20, 2017 has approved a proposal to buy-back up to 5,61,40,351 equity shares (Five crore sixty one lakh forty thousand three hundred and fifty one only) of the Company for an aggregate amount not exceeding '' 16,000 crore, being 2.85% of the total paid up equity share capital at '' 2,850 per equity share. The shareholders of the Company have approved the scheme of buyback of shares through postal ballot on April 17, 2017.

(ii) Rights, preferences and restrictions attached to shares Equity shares

The Company has one class of equity shares having a par value of '' 1 each. Each shareholder is eligible for one vote per share held and carry a right to dividend. The dividend proposed by the Board of Directors is subject to the approval of the shareholders in the ensuing Annual General Meeting, except in case of interim dividend. In the event of liquidation, the equity shareholders are eligible to receive the remaining assets of the Company after distribution of all preferential amounts, in proportion to their shareholding.

(v) Equity shares allotted as fully paid-up (during 5 years preceding March 31, 2016) including equity shares issued pursuant to contract without payment being received in cash

1,16,99,962 equity shares issued to the shareholders of CMC Limited in terms of the scheme of amalgamation (''the Schemeâ) sanctioned by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay vide its Order dated August 14, 2015 and the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad vide its Order dated July 20, 2015.

15,06,983 equity shares of Rs, 1 each have been issued to the shareholders of TCS e-Serve Limited in terms of the composite scheme of amalgamation sanctioned by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay vide its Order dated September 6, 2013.

(vi) The Companyâs objective for capital management is to maximize shareholder value, safeguard business continuity and support the growth of the Company. The Company determines the capital requirement based on annual operating plans and long-term and other strategic investment plans. The funding requirements are met through equity and operating cash flows generated. The Company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

Nature of reserves

(a) Capital reserve

The Company recognizes profit or loss on purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Companyâs own equity instruments to capital reserve.

(b) Securities premium

Securities premium reserve is used to record the premium on issue of shares. The reserve is utilized in accordance with the provision of the Companies Act, 2013.

(c) General reserve

The General reserve is used from time to time to transfer profits from retained earnings for appropriation purposes. As the General reserve is created by a transfer from one component of equity to another and is not and item of other comprehensive income, items included in the General reserve will not be reclassified subsequently to statement of profit and loss.

(c) Investment revaluation reserve

(d) Cash flow hedging reserve

The cash flow hedging reserve represents the cumulative effective portion of gains or losses arising on changes in fair value of designated portion of hedging instruments entered into for cash flow hedges. The cumulative gain or loss arising on changes in fair value of the designated portion of the hedging instruments that are recognized and accumulated under the heading of cash flow reserve will be reclassified to statement of profit and loss only when the hedged transaction affects the profit or loss or included as a basis adjustment to the non financial hedged item.

Others include advance taxes paid of Rs, 227 crores (March 31, 2016: Rs, 230 crores) (April 1, 2015: Rs, 333 crores) by the seller of TCS e-serve Limited which, on refund by the tax authorities, is payable to the seller.

Defined benefit plan

Gratuity and pension

The Company provides to the eligible employees defined benefit plans such as gratuity and pension plan. The gratuity plan provides for a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 to 30 days salary payable for each completed year of service. Vesting occurs upon completion of five continuous years of service. The measurement date used for determining retirement benefits for gratuity is March 31.

The expected benefits are based on the same assumptions as are used to measure the Companyâs defined benefit plan obligations as at March 31, 2017. The Company is expected to contribute Rs, 189 crores to defined benefit plan obligations funds for the year ending March 31, 2018. The significant actuarial assumptions for the determination of the defined benefit obligations are discount rate and expected salary increase. The sensitivity analysis below have been determined based on reasonably possible changes of the respective assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period, while holding all other assumptions constant.

If the discount rate increases (decreases) by 0.50%, the defined benefit obligations would decrease by Rs, 71 crores (increase by Rs, 76 crores) as at March 31, 2017.

If the expected salary growth increases (decreases) by 0.50%, the defined benefit obligations would increase by Rs, 77 crores (decrease by Rs, 73 crores) as at March 31, 2017.

Defined contribution plans Superannuation

In addition to gratuity benefits, all eligible employees are entitled to benefits under Superannuation, a defined contribution plan. The Company makes monthly contributions until retirement or resignation of the employee. TCS Limited recognises such contributions as an expense when incurred. The Company has no further obligation beyond its monthly contribution.

The Company contributed Rs, 221 crores and Rs, 193 crores to the Employeesâ Superannuation Fund for the year ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, respectively.

Provident fund

All eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive benefits under the provident fund, a defined contribution plan in which both the employee and employer (at a determined rate) contribute monthly. The Company contributes as specified under the law to the Provident Fund where set up as a trust and to the respective Regional Provident Fund Commissioner. The Company contributes to the Provident Fund where set up as a trust are liable for future provident fund benefits to the extent of its annual contribution and any shortfall in fund assets based on government specified minimum rates of return relating to current period service and recognises such contributions and shortfall, if any, as an expense in the year incurred. In accordance with an actuarial valuation, there is no deficiency in the interest cost as the present value of the expected future earnings on the fund is greater than the expected amount to be credited to the individual members based on the expected guaranteed rate of interest.

The Company contributed Rs, 756 crores and Rs, 658 crores to the provident fund during the year ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, respectively.

Foreign Defined Contribution Plan

The Company contributed Rs, 304 crores and Rs, 335 crores during the year ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, respectively, towards foreign defined contribution plan.

Mar 31, 2015

A) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India (''Indian GAAP'') to comply with the Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 and the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value.

Comparative figures do not include the figures of erstwhile WTI Advanced Technology Limited which is amalgamated with the Company effective April 1, 2014. Consequently, the comparative figures are not comparable with the figures for the year ended March 31, 2015.

b) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expense during the year. Examples of such estimates include provisions for doubtful receivables, employee benefits, provision for income taxes, accounting for contract costs expected to be incurred, the useful lives of depreciable fixed assets and provision for impairment. Future results could differ due to changes in these estimates and the difference between the actual result and the estimates are recognised in the period in which the results are known / materialise.

c) Fixed assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation / amortisation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the asset to its present location and condition.

Fixed assets exclude computers and other assets individually costing '' 50,000 or less which are not capitalised except when they are part of a larger capital investment programme.

d) Depreciation / amortisation

In respect of fixed assets (other than freehold land and capital work-in-progress) acquired during the year, depreciation / amortisation is charged on a straight line basis so as to write-off the cost of the assets over the useful lives and for the assets acquired prior to April 1,2014, the carrying amount as on April 1,2014 is depreciated over the remaining useful life based on an evaluation.

Fixed assets purchased for specific projects are depreciated over the period of the project or the useful life stated above, whichever is shorter.

e) Leases

Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such a lease is capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating leases. Lease rentals under operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis.

f) Impairment

At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

Reversal of impairment loss is recognised as income in the statement of profit and loss.

g) Investments

Long-term investments and current maturities of long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments, except for current maturities of long-term investments, comprising investments in mutual funds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value.

h) Employee benefits

(i) Post-employment benefit plans

Contributions to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are recognised as expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to such benefits.

For defined benefit schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the statement of profit and loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, or amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Other employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised during the period when the employee renders the service. These benefits include compensated absences such as paid annual leave, overseas social security contributions and performance incentives.

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

i) Revenue recognition

Revenue from contracts priced on a time and material basis are recognised when services are rendered and related costs are incurred.

Revenue from turnkey contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, are recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Foreseeable losses on such contracts are recognised when probable.

Revenue from the sale of equipment are recognised upon delivery, which is when title passes to the customer.

Revenue from sale of software licences are recognised upon delivery.

Revenue from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

In respect of Business Process Services, revenue on time and material and unit priced contracts is recognised as the related services are rendered, whereas revenue from fixed price contracts is recognised using the proportionate completion method with contract cost determining the degree of completion.

Revenue is reported net of discounts.

Dividend is recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

j) Taxation

Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax payable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to foreign operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.

Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax after the tax holiday period. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with it will fructify.

Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and is likely to reverse in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

In the event of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise these assets.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction for relevant tax paying units and where the Company is able to and intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

k) Foreign currency transactions

Income and expense in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in non-integral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprise''s net investments in a non-integral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.

Premium or discount on foreign exchange forward, options and futures contracts are amortised and recognised in the statement of profit and loss over the period of the contract. Foreign exchange forward, options and future contracts outstanding at the balance sheet date, other than designated cash flow hedges, are stated at fair values and any gains or losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

l) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses foreign exchange forward, options and future contracts to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The Company designates these hedging instruments as cash flow hedges.

The use of hedging instruments is governed by the Company''s policy approved by the Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the Company''s risk management strategy.

Hedging instruments are initially measured at fair value, and are remeasured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in shareholders'' funds and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss. The Company separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option and designates as hedging instruments only the fair value change in the intrinsic value of the option. The change in fair values of the time value of option, is accumulated in hedging reserve, a component of shareholders'' funds and is transferred to the statement of profit and loss when the forecast transaction occurs.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in shareholders'' funds is retained there and is transferred to the statement of profit and loss when the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in shareholders'' funds is transferred to the statement of profit and loss.

m) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods-in-transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

n) Provisions, Contingent liabilities and Contingent assets

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits and compensated absences) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

o) Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into known amount of cash that are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value and having original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

Mar 31, 2013

A) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value. These financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material aspects with the accounting standards notified under Section 211(3C) [Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, as amended] and the other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.

b) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expense during the year. Example of such estimates include provision for doubtful receivables, employee benefits, provision for income taxes, accounting for contract costs expected to be incurred, the useful lives of depreciable fixed assets and provision for impairment.

c) Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation / amortisation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the asset to its present location and condition.

Fixed assets exclude computers and other assets individually costing Rs. 50,000 or less which are not capitalised except when they are part of a larger capital investment programme.

d) Depreciation / Amortisation

Depreciation / amortisation on fixed assets, other than freehold land and capital work-in-progress is charged so as to write-off the cost of assets, on the following basis:

Fixed assets purchased for specific projects are depreciated over the period of the project.

e) Leases

Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such a lease is capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating leases. Lease rentals under operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis.

f) Impairment

At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

Reversal of impairment loss is recognised immediately as income in the statement of profit and loss.

g) Investments

Long-term investments and current maturities of long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments, except for current maturities of long-term investments, comprising investments in mutual funds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value.

h) Employee benefits

(i) Post-employment benefit plans

Contributions to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to such benefits.

For defined benefit schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the statement of profit and loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, or amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Other employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised during the period when the employee renders the service. These benefits include compensated absences such as paid annual leave, overseas social security contributions and performance incentives.

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

i) Revenue recognition

Revenues from contracts priced on a time and material basis are recognised when services are rendered and related costs are incurred.

Revenues from turnkey contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, are recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Foreseeable losses on such contracts are recognised when probable.

Revenues from the sale of equipment are recognised upon delivery, which is when title passes to the customer.

Revenues from sale of software licences are recognised upon delivery where there is no customisation required. In case of customisation the same is recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method.

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

In respect of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services, revenue on time and material and unit priced contracts is recognised as the related services are rendered, whereas revenue from fixed price contracts is recognised as per the proportionate completion method with contract cost determining the degree of completion.

Revenues are reported net of discounts.

Dividends are recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

j) Taxation

Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax payable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to foreign operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.

Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax after the tax holiday period. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will fructify.

Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and is likely to reverse in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

In the event of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is virtual certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise these assets.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance taxes paid and income tax provisions arising in the same tax jurisdiction for relevant tax paying units and where the Company is able to and intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

k) Foreign currency transactions

Income and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in non-integral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprises net investments in a non-integral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.

Premium or discount on foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts are amortised and recognised in the statement of profit and loss over the period of the contract. Foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts outstanding at the balance sheet date, other than designated cash flow hedges, are stated at fair values and any gains or losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

l) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The Company designates these hedging instruments as cash flow hedges.

The use of hedging instruments is governed by the Companys policies approved by the Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the Companys risk management strategy.

Hedging instruments are initially measured at fair value, and are remeasured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in shareholders funds and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time for forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in shareholders funds is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in shareholders funds is transferred to the statement of profit and loss for the period.

m) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods-in-transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at cost, less provision for obsolescence. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

n) Provisions, Contingent liabilities and Contingent assets

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

o) Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into known amount of cash that are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value and having original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

Mar 31, 2012

A) Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value. These financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material aspects with the accounting standards notified under Section 211 (3C) [Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, as amended] and the other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.

b) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the year. Example of such estimates include provision for doubtful debts, employee benefits, provision for income taxes, accounting for contract costs expected to be incurred, the useful lives of depreciable fixed assets and provisions for impairment.

c) Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation / amortisation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the asset to its present location and condition.

Fixed assets exclude computers and other assets individually costing Rs 50,000 or less which are not capitalised except when they are part of a larger capital investment programme.

d) Depreciation / Amortisation

Depreciation / amortisation on fixed assets, other than freehold land and capital work-in-progress is charged so as to write-off the cost of assets, on the following basis:

e) Leases

Assets leased by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such a lease is capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating leases. Lease rentals under operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis.

f) Impairment

At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

Reversal of impairment loss is recognised immediately as income in the statement of profit and loss.

g) Investments

Long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments, except for current maturities of long term investments, comprising investment in mutual funds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value.

h) Employee benefits

(i) Post-employment benefit plans

Contributions to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to contributions.

For defined benefit schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the statement of profit and loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

(ii) Other employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised during the period when the employee renders the service. These benefits include compensated absences such as paid annual leave, overseas social security contributions and performance incentives.

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

i) Revenue recognition

Revenues from contracts priced on a time and material basis are recognised when services are rendered and related costs are incurred.

Revenues from turnkey contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, are recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Foreseeable losses on such contracts are recognised when probable.

Revenues from the sale of equipment are recognised upon delivery, which is when title passes to the customer.

Revenues from sale of software licences are recognised upon delivery where there is no customisation required. In case of customisation the same is recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method.

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

Revenues from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services are recognised on time and material, fixed price and unit priced contracts. Revenue on time and material and unit priced contracts is recognised as the related services are rendered. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognised as per the proportionate completion method with contract cost determining the degree of completion.

Revenues are reported net of discounts.

Dividends are recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

j) Taxation

Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax payable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to foreign operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.

Minimum alternative tax (MAT) paid in accordance to the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax after the tax holiday period. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the balance sheet when it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Company and the asset can be measured reliably.

Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

In the event of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is virtual certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise these assets.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance taxes paid and income tax provisions arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the Company intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

k) Foreign currency transactions

Income and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in non-integral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gain and loss are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprises net investments in a non-integral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.

Premium or discount on foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts are amortised and recognised in the statement of profit and loss over the period of the contract. Foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts outstanding at the balance sheet date, other than designated cash flow hedges, are stated at fair values and any gains or losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

l) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses foreign exchange forward and currency option contracts to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The Company designates these hedging instruments as cash flow hedges.

The use of hedging instruments is governed by the Companys policies approved by the Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the Companys risk management strategy.

Hedging instruments are initially measured at fair value, and are remeasured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in shareholders funds and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time for forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in shareholders funds is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in shareholders funds is transferred to the statement of profit and loss for the period.

m) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods-in-transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at cost, less provision for obsolescence. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

n) Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

o) Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

Mar 31, 2011

A) Basis of Preparation

The consolidated financial statements of Tata Consultancy Services Limited, its subsidiaries and associates ("the Group") are prepared under the historical cost convention and in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956.

b) Principles of consolidation

The financial statements of the subsidiary companies used in the consolidation are drawn up to the same reporting date as of the Company.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the following basis:

i) The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiary companies have been combined on a line-by-line basis by adding together like items of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Inter-company balances and transactions and unrealised profits or losses have been fully eliminated.

ii) Interest in a jointly controlled entity is reported using proportionate consolidation.

iii) The consolidated financial statements include the share of profit / loss of associate companies, which are accounted under the Equity method as per which the share of profit of the associate company has been added to the cost of investment. An associate is an enterprise in which the investor has significant influence and which is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture.

iv) The excess of cost to the Group of its investments in subsidiary companies over its share of the equity of the subsidiary companies at the dates on which the investments in the subsidiary companies are made, is recognised as Goodwill being an asset in the consolidated financial statements. Alternatively, where the share of equity in the subsidiary companies as on the date of investment is in excess of cost of investment of the Group, it is recognised as Capital Reserve and shown under the head Reserves and Surplus, in the consolidated financial statements.

v) Minority interest in the net assets of consolidated subsidiaries consists of the amount of equity attributable to the minority shareholders at the dates on which investments are made by the Group in the subsidiary companies and further movements in their share in the equity, subsequent to the dates of investments.

vi) On disposal of a subsidiary or a jointly controlled entity, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

c) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Group to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the year. Example of such estimates include provision for doubtful debts, employee benefits, provision for income taxes, accounting for contract costs expected to be incurred to complete software development, the useful lives of depreciable fixed assets and provisions for impairment.

d) Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation / amortisation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the assets to its present location and condition.

Fixed assets exclude computers and other assets individually costing Rs. 50,000 or less which are not capitalised except when they are part of a larger capital investment programme.

f) Leases

Where the Group, as a lessor, leases assets under finance leases such amounts are recognised as receivables at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease and the finance income is based on a constant rate of return on the outstanding net investment.

Assets leased by the Group in its capacity as lessee, where the Group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is created for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Lease arrangements where, the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vests with the lessor, are recognised as operating lease. Lease rentals under operating lease are recognised in the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis.

g) Impairment

At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the assets is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and risks specific to the asset.

Reversal of impairment loss is recognised immediately as income in the profit and loss account.

For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Groups cash-generating units expected to benefit from the synergies of the acquisition. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Reversal of impairment loss on goodwill because of a change in estimates is not permitted.

h) Investments

Long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments comprising investments in mutual funds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value, determined on a portfolio basis.

i) Employee benefits (Refer note 5)

i) Post-employment benefit plans

Contributions to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to contributions.

For defined benefit schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the profit and loss account for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

ii) Short-term employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised during the period when the employee renders the service. These benefits include compensated absences such as paid annual leave, overseas social security contributions and performance incentives.

iii) Long-term employee benefits

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

j) Revenue recognition

Revenues from contracts priced on a time and material basis are recognised when services are rendered and related costs are incurred.

Revenues from turnkey contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, are recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Foreseeable losses on such contracts are recognised when probable.

Revenues from the sale of equipment are recognised upon delivery, which is when title passes to the customer.

Revenues from sale of software licenses are recognised upon delivery where there is no customisation required. In case of customisation the same is recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method.

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

Revenues from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services are recognised on time and material, fixed price and unit priced contracts. Revenue on time and material and unit priced contracts is recognised as the related services are rendered. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognised as per the proportionate completion method with contract cost determining the degree of completion.

Dividends are recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

k) Research and Development

Expenditure on research and development activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. Development costs of marketable computer software are capitalised when a products technological feasibility has been established until the time the product is available for general release to customers. In most instances, the Groups products are released soon after technological feasibility has been established. Therefore, costs incurred subsequent to achievement of technological feasibility are usually not significant, and generally most software development costs have been expensed.

Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the depreciation rates set out in paragraph 1(e).

l) Taxation

Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax payable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to overseas operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.

Minimum alternative tax (MAT) paid in accordance to the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Group will pay normal income tax after the tax holiday period. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the balance sheet when it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Group and the asset can be measured reliably.

Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

In the event of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is virtual certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise these assets.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and the Group intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

m) Foreign currency transactions

Income and expense in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in non-integral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprises net investments in a non-integral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.

Premium or discount on forward exchange contracts and currency option contracts are amortised and recognised in the profit and loss account over the period of the contract. Forward exchange contracts and currency option contracts outstanding at the balance sheet date, other than designated cash flow hedges, are stated at fair values and any gains or losses are recognised in the profit and loss account.

For the purpose of consolidation, income and expenses are translated at average rates and the assets and liabilities are stated at closing rate. The net impact of such change is accumulated under foreign currency translation reserve.

n) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Group uses foreign currency forward contracts and currency options to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The Group designates these hedging instruments as cash flow hedges applying the recognition and measurement principles set out in the Indian Accounting Standard 39 "Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement" (Ind AS 39).

The use of hedging instruments is governed by the policies of the Company and its subsidiaries which are approved by its respective Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the risk management strategy of the Company and its subsidiaries.

Hedging instruments are initially measured at fair value, and are remeasured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in shareholders funds and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the profit and loss account.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in profit and loss account as they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time for forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in shareholders funds is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in shareholders funds is transferred to the profit and loss account for the period.

o) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods in transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at cost, less provision for obsolescence. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Group are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

p) Government Grants

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attached to them and the grants will be received.

Government grants whose primary condition is that the Group should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire capital assets are presented by deducting them from the carrying value of the assets. The grant is recognised as income over the life of a depreciable asset by way of a reduced depreciation charge.

Other government grants are recognised as income over the periods necessary to match them with the costs for which they are intended to compensate, on a systematic basis.

q) Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

A provision is recognised when the Group has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

r) Cash and cash equivalents

The Group considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

3) Acquisitions / Divestments

a) On June 30, 2010, Syscrom S.A. Chile has merged with Tata Consultancy Services BPO Chile S.A. The merged entity is a wholly owned subsidiary of TCS Inversiones Chile Limitada.

b) On June 30, 2010, Custodia De Documentos Interes Limitada has merged with Tata Consultancy Services BPO Chile S.A. The merged entity is a wholly owned subsidiary of TCS Inversiones Chile Limitada.

c) On July 31, 2010, Tata Consultancy Services Chile S.A. has merged with Tata Consultancy Services BPO Chile S.A. The merged entity is a wholly owned subsidiary of TCS Inversiones Chile Limitada.

d) On August 31, 2010, the Company, through its subsidiary, acquired 100% equity interest in Diligenta 2 Limited (formerly Unisys Insurance Services Limited).

e) National Power Exchange Limited ceased to be an associate of the Company w.e.f. September 4, 2010.

f) On September 23, 2010, the Company subscribed to 74% of the equity share capital of MahaOnline Limited.

g) On October 4, 2010, the Company, through its subsidiary, acquired 100% equity share capital of MS CJV Investments Corporation. Consequently, the group holding in Tata Consultancy Services (China) Co., Ltd. has increased from 65.94% to 74.63%.

h) On October 8, 2010, the Company has acquired 100% equity share capital of Retail FullServe Limited (formerly SUPERVALU Services India Private Limited).

i) On October 15, 2010, Financial Network Services (H.K.) Limited (subsidiary of TCS Financial Solutions Australia Holdings Pty Limited) has been voluntarily liquidated.

j) On December 1, 2010, Exegenix Research Inc. and ERI Holding Corp. have merged with Tata Consultancy Services Canada Inc. The merged entity is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Consultancy Services Limited.

k) On January 27, 2011, the Company, through its subsidiary, subscribed to 100% share capital of CMC eBiz, Inc.

Mar 31, 2010

A) Basis of Preparation

The consolidated financial statements of Tata Consultancy Services Limited, its subsidiaries and associates (Ãthe GroupÃ) are prepared under the historical cost convention and in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956.

Comparative figures of the Profit and Loss Account do not include the figures of TCS e-Serve Limited for the nine months ended December 31, 2008, which became a subsidiary effective December 31, 2008.

b) Principles of consolidation

The financial statements of the subsidiary companies used in the consolidation are drawn up to the same reporting date as of the Company.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the following basis:

i) The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiary companies have been combined on a line-by-line basis by adding together like items of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Inter-company balances and transactions and unrealised profits or losses have been fully eliminated.

ii) Interest in a jointly controlled entity is reported using proportionate consolidation.

iii) The consolidated financial statements include the share of profit / loss of associate companies, which are accounted under the ÃEquity methodÃ as per which the share of profit of the associate company has been added to the cost of investment. An associate is an enterprise in which the investor has significant influence and which is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture.

iv) The excess of cost to the Group of its investments in subsidiary companies over its share of the equity of the subsidiary companies at the dates on which the investments in the subsidiary companies are made, is recognised as ÃGoodwillÃ being an asset in the consolidated financial statements. Alternatively, where the share of equity in the subsidiary companies as on the date of investment is in excess of cost of investment of the Group, it is recognised as ÃCapital ReserveÃ and shown under the head ÃReserves and SurplusÃ, in the consolidated financial statements.

v) Minority interest in the net assets of consolidated subsidiaries consists of the amount of equity attributable to the minority shareholders at the dates on which investments are made by the Group in the subsidiary companies and further movements in their share in the equity, subsequent to the dates of investments.

c) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Group to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the year. Example of such estimates include provision for doubtful debts, employee benefit plans, provision for income taxes, accounting for contract costs expected to be incurred to complete software development, the useful lives of depreciable fixed assets and provisions for impairment.

d) Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the assets to its present location and condition.

Fixed assets exclude computers and other assets individually costing Rs. 50,000 or less which are not capitalised except when they are part of a larger capital investment programme.

f) Leases

Where the Group, as a lessor, leases assets under finance leases such amounts are recognised as receivables at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease and the finance income is based on a constant rate of return on the outstanding net investment.

Assets leased by the Group in its capacity as lessee, where the Group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is created for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.

Lease arrangements, where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vests with the lessor, are recognised as operating lease. Lease rentals under operating lease are recognised in the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis.

g) Impairment

At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the assets is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assetÃs net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and risks specific to the asset.

Reversal of impairment loss is recognised immediately as income in the profit and loss account.

For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the GroupÃs cash-generating units expected to benefit from the synergies of the acquisition. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. An impairment loss to be reversed for goodwill because of a change in estimates is not permitted.

On disposal of a subsidiary or a jointly controlled entity, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

h) Investments

Long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments comprising investments in mutual funds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value, determined on a portfolio basis.

i) Employee benefits (Refer note 6, page 113)

i) Post-employment benefit plans

Contributions to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered services entitling them to contributions.

For defined benefit schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the profit and loss account for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortized on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme.

ii) Short-term employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised during the period when the employee renders the service. These benefits include compensated absences such as paid annual leave, overseas social security contributions and performance incentives.

iii) Long-term employee benefits

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognized as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date.

j) Revenue recognition

Revenues from contracts priced on a time and material basis are recognised when services are rendered and related costs are incurred.

Revenues from turnkey contracts, which are generally time bound fixed price contracts, are recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method, with contract costs determining the degree of completion. Foreseeable losses on such contracts are recognised when probable.

Revenues from the sale of equipment are recognised upon delivery, which is when title passes to the customer.

Revenues from sale of software licences are recognised upon delivery where there is no customisation required. In case of customisation the same is recognised over the life of the contract using the proportionate completion method.

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

Revenues from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services are recognised on time and material, fixed price and unit priced contracts. Revenue on time and material and unit priced contracts is recognised as the related services are rendered. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognised as per the proportionate completion method with contract cost determining the degree of completion.

Dividends are recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

k) Research and Development

Expenditure on Research and Development activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. Development costs of marketable computer software are capitalised when a productÃs technological feasibility has been established until the time the product is available for general release to customers. In most instances, the GroupÃs products are released soon after technological feasibility has been established. Therefore, costs incurred subsequent to achievement of technological feasibility are usually not significant, and generally most software development costs have been expensed.

Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the depreciation rates set out in paragraph 1(e).

l) Taxation

Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax payable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to overseas operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.

Minimum alternative tax (MAT) paid in accordance to the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Group will pay normal income tax after the tax holiday period. Accordingly, MAT is recognized as an asset in the balance sheet when it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Group and the asset can be measured reliably.

Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

In the event of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is virtual certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available to realise these assets.

Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and the Group intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

m) Foreign currency transactions

Income and expense in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in non-integral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterpriseÃs net investments in a non-integral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.

Premium or discount on forward exchange contracts and currency option contracts are amortized and recognised in the profit and loss account over the period of the contract. Forward exchange contracts and currency option contracts outstanding at the balance sheet date, other than designated cash flow hedges, are stated at fair values and any gains or losses are recognised in the profit and loss account.

For the purpose of consolidation, income and expenses are translated at average rates and the assets and liabilities are stated at closing rate. The net impact of such change is accumulated under Foreign Currency Translation Reserve.

n) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Group uses foreign currency forward contracts and currency options to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The Group designates these hedging instruments as cash flow hedges applying the recognition and measurement principles set out in the Accounting Standard 30 ÃFinancial Instruments: Recognition and MeasurementÃ (AS Ã 30).

The use of hedging instruments is governed by the policies of the Company and its subsidiaries which are approved by itÃs respective Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such financial derivatives consistent with the risk management strategy of the Company and its subsidiaries.

Hedging instruments are initially measured at fair value, and are remeasured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in shareholdersÃ funds and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the Profit and Loss Account.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the Profit and Loss Account as they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time for forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in shareholderÃs funds is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in shareholdersÃ funds is transferred to the Profit and Loss Account for the period.

o) Inventories

Raw materials, sub-assemblies and components are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods in transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at cost, less provision for obsolescence. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Group are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.

p) Government Grants

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received.

Government grants whose primary condition is that the Group should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire capital assets are presented by deducting them from the carrying value of the assets. The grant is recognised as income over the life of a depreciable asset by way of a reduced depreciation charge.

Other government grants are recognised as income over the periods necessary to match them with the costs for which they are intended to compensate, on a systematic basis.

q) Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

A provision is recognised when the Group has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to its present value and are determined based on best estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.

r) Cash and cash equivalents

The Group considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

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